Economists have long conceived dual developing economies, linked by costly permanent migration from the rural sector to seek urban employment. However,permanent migration of men from rural Indian villages remains uncommon. Moreover, existing data have limited opportunities to study the details of how households leave agricultural work for non-agricultural work or, how they use short-term migration to combine these livelihoods. This paper analyzes new data about 705 households from 70 villages in rural Rajasthan, Gujarat, and Madhya Pradesh. Data collection emphasized detailed migration histories, and included interviews with 2,224 adults. These data address unresolved questions and suggest limits of existing accounts of Indian labor migration. [PAA].